Bibliography
Primary Sources
Judicial Opinions
Briggs v. Elliott, 132 F. Supp. 776 (E.D.S.C. 1955).
Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al., 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown II), 349 U.S. 294, 301 (1955).
Carson v. Warlick, 238 F.2d 724 (4th Cir. 1956).
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, 149 F. Supp. 431 (E.D. Va. 1957).
Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 391 U.S. 430 (1968).
Griffin v. Cty. Sch. Bd., 377 U.S. 218, 231 (1964).
Harrison v. Day, 200 Va. 439 (1959).
Hood v. Board of Trustees, 232 F.2d 626 (4th Cir. 1956).
James v. Almond, 170 F. Supp. 331 (1959).
NAACP v. Harrison, 202 Va. 142 (1960).
NAACP v. Harrison, Chancery causes No. B-2879 and No. B-2880, Aug. 31, 1962.
NAACP v. Button, 371 U.S. 415 (1963).
Reports and Legislative History
Gray Commission, Public Education Report of the Commission to the Governor of Virginia (1955).
Perrow Commission, Report of the Commission on Education to the Governor of Virginia (1959).
Acts of the Assembly, Extra Session 1956 and Extra Session 1959 (Richmond, 1956 and 1959).
House Journal, Virginia. Extra Session 1955, Extra Session 1956, and Extra Session 1959 (Richmond, 1956 and 1959).
Oral Histories
Oral History Interview with Virginius Dabney, July 31, 1975. Interview A-0311-2. Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007) in the Southern Oral History Program Collection, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Newspapers and Periodicals
“C.R. Fenwick to Seek Seat in Va. Senate,” The Washington Post, February 9, 1947, M-6.
“District Attorney Heads Va. Alumni,” The Washington Post, June 12, 1938, M-6.
“Fenwick Claims NAACP Activity Killed the Gray Plan,” Richmond Times-Dispatch, September 26, 1957, 4.
“Fenwick, Mann Laud Virginia Schools Report,” The Evening Star, April 3, 1959, B-2.
“Fenwick Says NAACP Thwarted Grey Plan,” The Evening Star, September 26, 1957, B-2.
“Gray Plan ‘Not Final Answer,’” The Washington Post, December 16, 1955, 32.
“Organized Labor Blasts Stanley’s School Plan, The Evening Star, September 6, 1956.
“Massive Resistance Laws Ruled Void by Both Virginia and Federal Courts,” The Virginian-Pilot, January 20, 1959, 1.
“Perrow Program Approval, Minority Battle Expected,” The Evening Star, April 3, 1959, B-2.
“School Plan Explained by Gray Board Member,” The Evening Star (Maryland-Virginia News), December 13, 1955, A-20.
“Stanley Plan is Enacted in Virginia,” The Washington Post and Times Herald, September 22, 1956, 1.
“Stanley Segregation Plan Faces New Opposition: State Senator Fenwick and Delegate Mann Join in Attack on Governor’s Proposal,” The Sunday Star, August 26, 1956, 1.
“State Sen. Charles Fenwick Dies,” The Washington Post, February 23, 1969, 48.
“Virginia in Turmoil,” The Washington Post and Times Herald, August 29, 1956, 10.
“Virginia Session to Hear Stanley Plan Foes Today,” The Evening Star (State Edition), September 6, 1956, A-27.
Baker, Robert E. “Integration Battle Opens on Monday: Fenwick and Mann Propose Substitute for Stanley Plan,” The Washington Post, August 26, 1956, 1 and A-12.
Baker, Robert E. “Virginia Assembly Faces 3 Different School Plans,” The Washington Post and Times Herald, August 28, 1956, 21.
Baker, Robert E. “Virginia Senate Enacts School Laws: Bills Signed Promptly by Almond,” The Washington Post and Times Herald, February 1, 1959, 1.
Fenwick, Charles R. “Middle-Road Approach Seen in Gray Proposal,” The Evening Star, December 22, 1955, 1.
Fenwick, Charles R. “Register to Think,” The Washington Post, December 12, 1956, A14.
Fenwick, Charles R. “Senator Fenwick Objects,” The Washington Post, June 27, 1957, A-14.
Fenwick, Charles R. “Virginia: Backward March,” The Washington Post, November 16, 1955, 10.
Huston, Luther A. “Deadline Avoided on Desegregation in South Carolina,” New York Times, July 16, 1955, 1.
Preston, Alex. “Assembly Gets New Plan for Assigning Pupils,” The Evening Star, August 29, 1956, 1.
Reikowsky, Ralph. “Stanley Plan for Schools Criticized,” The Washington Post, June 30, 1954.
Stein, Tony “Almond is Defendant in White Parents’ Suit to Open School Doors,” Norfolk Ledger-Dispatch, October 27, 1958, 1.
Secondary Sources
_____ “Constitutional Law. Segregation. Pupil Assignment. Exhaustion of Pupil Assignment Law Remedies Unnecessary in Fifth Circuit, Required in Eighth, If Local Segregation Policy Exists.” Virginia Law Review 46, no. 2 (1960): 337-340.
Clark, Juliet Buesing. “From Massive Resistance to Quiet Evasion: The Struggle for Educational Equity and Integration in Virginia.” Virginia Law Review 107, no. 5 (2021): 1115-1164.
Cochran, George M. “Virginia Facing Reality: The 1959 Perrow Commission,” Augusta Historical Bulletin 42 (2006): 1-13.
Daugherity, Brian J. Keep On Keeping On: The NAACP and the Implementation of Brown v. Board of Education in Virginia. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2006).
Ford, Charles H. and Littlejohn, Jeffrey L. “Reconstructing the Old Dominion: Lewis F. Powell, Stuart T. Saunders, and the Virginia Industrialization Group, 1958–65,” Va. Mag. Hist. & Biography 121 (2013): 146-172.
Gates, Robbins L. The Making of Massive Resistance: Virginia's Politics of Public School Desegregation, 1954-1956. Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1964).
Golub, Mark. “Remembering Massive Resistance to School Desegregation,” Law and History Review 31, no. 3 (2013): 491-530.
Heinemann, Ronald L., Kolp, John G., Parent, Jr., Anthony, and Shade, William G. Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia, 1607-2007. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008).
Hershman, James H. “A Rumbling in The Museum: The Opponents of Virginia's Massive Resistance.” PhD diss, University of Virginia, 1978.
Hershman, James H. “Massive Resistance Meets its Match: The Emergence of a Pro-Public School Majority” in Lassiter, Matthew D. and Lewis, Andrew B. The Moderates’ Dilemma” Massive Resistance to School Desegregation in Virginia. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 1998.
Huston, Luther A. “Deadline Avoided on Desegregation in South Carolina.” New York Times, July 16, 1955.
Lechner, Ira M. “Massive Resistance: Virginia's Great Leap Backward.” The Virginia Quarterly Review 74, no. 4 (1998): 631-640.
Lewis, George. Massive Resistance: The White Response to the Civil Rights Movement. London: Hodder Arnold, 2006.
Meador, Daniel J. “The Constitution and the Assignment of Pupils to Public Schools.” Virginia Law Review 45, no. 4 (1959): 517-571.
Ogletree, Charles L. All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half-Century of Brown v. Board of Education. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005.
Ownby, Ted. Hurtin' Words: Debating Family Problems in the Twentieth-Century South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018.
Smith, Douglas. “‘When Reason Collides with Prejudice:’ Armistead Booth and the Politics of desegregation in Virginia,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 102, no. 1 (1994): 5-46.
Sweeny, James R., ed., Race, Reason, and Massive Resistance: The Diary of David J. Mays, 1954-1959. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 2008.