Works Citied Page

“African-American Soldiers During the Civil War  | Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861-1877  | U.S. History Primary Source Timeline  | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress  | Library of Congress.” The Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/civil-war-and-reconstruction-1861-1877/african-american-soldiers-during-the-civil-war.

Baker, Peter C. “The Tragic, Forgotten History of Black Military Veterans.” The New Yorker, 27 Nov. 2016, www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-tragic-forgotten-history-of-black-military-veterans. Accessed 24 Mar. 2023.

“Black No More : Being an Account of the Strange and Wonderful Workings of Science in the Land of the Free, A.D. 1933-1940 : Schuyler, George S. (George Samuel), 1895-1977 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive.” Internet Archive, 1989, archive.org/details/blacknomorebeing00schurich/page/n235/mode/2up?view=theater. Accessed 23 Apr. 2023.

“Black Veterans Sue VA Over Decades of Discrimination.” PBS NewsHour, interview by Geoff Bennett, 3 Dec. 2022, www.pbs.org/newshour/show/va-denied-benefits-for-black-veterans-at-higher-rate-for-decades-lawsuit-says#transcript. Accessed 19 Apr. 2023.

“Black Women in the Military | United States | NABMW.” Nabmw, www.nabmw.org/history-of-black-women-in-the-milit. Accessed 5 Apr. 2023.

Bolzenius, Sandy. “Black Women Pushed the U.S. Army to Become More Inclusive and Equal.” Washington Post, 20 Oct. 2021, www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/10/20/black-women-pushed-us-army-become-more-inclusive-equal. Accessed 8 Apr. 2023.

Bryan, Jami L. FIGHTING FOR RESPECT: African-American Soldiers in WWI – the Campaign for the National Museum of the United States Army. armyhistory.org/fighting-for-respect-african-american-soldiers-in-wwi/#:~:text=Even%20when%20integrated%20into%20fairly,instead%20of%20warmer%2C%20sturdier%20barracks. Accessed 15 Apr. 2023.

CHESLIK, HELEN E. “EFFECT OF WORLD WAR II MILITARY EDUCATIONAL TRAINING ON BLACK COLLEGES.” Proquest, mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/effect-world-war-ii-military-educational-training/docview/303097545/se-2.

Coates House Site, Fairfax County African American History Inventory. fairfaxaahi.centerformasonslegacies.com/items/show/187. Accessed 21 Apr. 2023.

Fairfax, Visit. “Black History in #FXVA: The African American Experience in Civil War-Era Virginia.” ROAD TO FREEDOM, 1 Feb. 2023, www.fxva.com/blog/post/black-history-road-to-freedom. Accessed 16 Apr. 2023.

Fort Gregg-Adams Redesignation. home.army.mil/lee/index.php/greggadams. Accessed 21 Apr. 2023.

George Mason Federated Login Service. mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/effect-world-war-ii-military-educational-training/docview/303097545/se-2.

KRAMER, PAUL A. “Race-Making and Colonial Violence in the U.S. Empire: The Philippine-American War as Race War on JSTOR.” JSTOR, Apr. 2006, www.jstor.org/stable/24915090. Accessed 17 Apr. 2023.

“LESLIE R. COATES, 90, DIES.” Washington Post, 13 Oct. 1997, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1997/10/13/leslie-r-coates-90-dies/8298dc60-8a2b-44ea-899a-4f7d4230afab. Accessed 21 Apr. 2023.

Lt. Col. Charity Adams :: U.S. Army Garrison Fort Lee. home.army.mil/lee/index.php/greggadams/adams. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.

“Luther Jackson High School | Jackson Middle School.” FCPS, jacksonms.fcps.edu/about/history/high. Accessed 21 Apr. 2023.

The Memphis Massacre of 1866: As Seen Through Local News Coverage and a Government Report Found in the Archive of Americana | Readex. 4 May 2016, www.readex.com/blog/memphis-massacre-1866-seen-through-local-news-coverage-and-government-report-found-archive. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.

Mineo, Liz. “Harvard Historian Examines How Textbooks Taught White Supremacy.” Harvard Gazette, 2 Mar. 2022, news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/09/harvard-historian-examines-how-textbooks-taught-white-supremacy. Accessed 16 Apr. 2023.

Mintz, S., and S. McNeil. Digital History. 2021, www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3083. Accessed 15 Apr. 2023.

Mintz, Steven. Historical Context: Black Soldiers in the Civil War | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/teaching-resource/historical-context-black-soldiers-civil-war#:~:text=Despite%20promises%20of%20equal%20treatment,and%20poorer%20food%20and%20equipment. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.

Mitchell, Calvin. African American Troops in World War I: A Military Experience Based. 18 Feb. 2018, postalmuseum.si.edu/african-american-troops-in-world-war-i-a-military-experience-based-on-separate-and-unequal-treatment. Accessed 17 Apr. 2023.

Pollitt, Phoebe. “Clara Adams-Ender.” North Carolina Nursing History, 15 Nov. 2021, nursinghistory.appstate.edu/biographies/clara-adams-ender#:~:text=From%20this%20humble%20beginning%2C%20Clara,earning%20money%20for%20the%20family. Accessed 12 Apr. 2023.

Race-Making and Colonial Violence in the U.S. Empire: The Philippine-American War as Race War on JSTOR. www.jstor.org/stable/24915090.

Rothman, Lily. “Read the Letter a Black Civil War Soldier Wrote Asking Abraham Lincoln for Equal Pay.” Time, 12 Feb. 2018, time.com/5116387/james-henry-gooding-abraham-lincoln-letter. Accessed 15 Apr. 2023.

“Segregation — Fort Belvoir Housing History.” Fort Belvoir Housing History, www.fortbelvoirhousinghistory.com/segregation. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.

Stevenson, Bryan. LYNCHING IN AMERICA TARGETING BLACK VETERANS. Equal Justice Initiative, 2017, eji.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/lynching-in-america-targeting-black-veterans-web.pdf.

“Targeting Black Veterans.” Equal Justice Initiative, 11 Nov. 2021, eji.org/reports/targeting-black-veterans. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.

TROMPETER, BRIAN. “Vienna Pastor Dr. Kenny Smith Dies at 76.” INSIDENOVA, 28 Nov. 2018, www.insidenova.com/news/fairfax/vienna-pastor-dr-kenny-smith-dies-at-76/article_f180cdaa-ef22-11e8-aa78-1b0dfd7fa24f.html. Accessed 16 Apr. 2023.

U.S. Department of Defense. “All-Black Female WWII Unit to Receive Congressional Gold Medal.” U.S. Department of Defense, 18 Mar. 2022, www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/story/Article/2971608/all-black-female-wwii-unit-to-receive-congressional-gold-medal. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.

Wikipedia contributors. “Black No More.” Wikipedia, Mar. 2023, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_No_More#:~:text=The%20novel%20represents%20a%20cornerstone,concept%20of%20Blackness%20is%20challenged.

---. “Charity Adams Earley.” Wikipedia, Mar. 2023, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Adams_Earley.

“‘Wilmington’s Lie’ Author Traces the Rise of White Supremacy in a Southern City.” NPR, interview by Dave Davies, WAMU 88.5, 13 Jan. 2020, www.npr.org/2020/01/13/795892582/wilmington-s-lie-author-traces-the-rise-of-white-supremacy-in-a-southern-city. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.

“Youngs Village — Fort Belvoir Housing History.” Fort Belvoir Housing History, www.fortbelvoirhousinghistory.com/youngs-village. Accessed 15 Apr. 2023.

“Ft. Humphreys To Be Renamed: Post Will Be Called Belvoir for Old Plantation At Roosevelt’s Request.” The Washington Post (1923-1954), 10 Feb. 1935, pp 1. Proquest, mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/ft-humphreys-be-renamed/docview/150656541/se-2.

 “History of Fairfax County Branch.” by Edwin Henderson, and Edith Hussey, "School Facilities for Negro childern in Fairfac County" 100 Years Black Falls Church, accessed 28 Apr. 2023, http://100yearsblackfallschurch.org/items/show/288.  

"Belvoir (Plantation)." Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Nov. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvoir_(planation). Accessed 18 Apr. 2023

"Fairfax County History Commision." FAIRFAX COUNTY AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY INVENTORY DRAFT* REPORT , http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/history-commission/sites/history-commission/files/assets/documents/asshi/asshi-report.pdf

"Segregation --- Fort Belvoir Housing History." Fort Belvoir Housing History , www.fortbelvoirhousinghistory.com/segregation. Access 27 Mar. 2023

"Fort Belvoir Host to History." IMCOM, 2010. file:///C:/Users/racha/Downloads/Fort_Belvoir_to_History__2010_2nd_Ed%20(4).pdf Accessed 25 Apr. 2023.

"Young Village," Fairfax County African American History Inventory, accessed April 28, 2023, http://fairfaxaahi.centerformasonslegacies.com/items/show/173.

"ENGINEER SCHOOL OPENS AT FORT LEONARD WOOD." St.Loius Post - Dispatch (pre-1997 Fulltext), Jun 01, 1998, Proquest http://mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=http://www.proquest.com/newspaper/engineer-school-opens-at-fort-leonard-wood/docview/1492711189/se-2.

 

Ray Young

Prev Next